Part ONE

Depression is a disorder which is a medical illness that causes continuous feeling of unhappiness and absence of interest. The condition of low mood and distaste which affects the person behavior, feelings, thoughts, memory and totally it affects the brain. It is also defined as it is psychiatric syndromes and symptoms of body ailments or side effects.  The people who are suffering from depression will feel guilty, uneasiness, restless, hopeless and also helpless finally it may turn to the loss of interest in living life. The people with depression have problem loss of appetite, concentration will be loosed, weak in making decisions and finally they attempt to suicide.  The main symptoms can be seen is Insomnia, excessive sleeping, head aches, pains, digestive problems and lead to weight loss. The word depression is quite commonly used by person if they fail in exam, if fail in an interview, or if they losea job etc. These issues are common in daily life of every person but most them come out quickly from such tension but some people cannot handle and become depressed.

It is common symptom seen in day to day life. The treatment for this is antidepressant medicines. These medicines take longer time for cure and  the treatment process is very difficult process were it includes recurring episodes  that is further goes through stage by stage. Hence it is a treatment with long procedures. The depression can vary from person to person and there are different types of depression severe depression, Moderate depression, mild depression, and Sub threshold depression. The exact cause for the depression is not clear yet.The fact says that the depression affects more often to women than men.

ter Two:

Causes of Depression

Depression is a complex disease it may occurs for various reasons; some people experience this in their entire lifetime, which leads to death at the end. Some will have depression with life changes due to the love. If a person is in depression it is not easy to figure it out because depression does not have single reason the cause of it is due to different reasons like it may be genes, certain events in daily life, current circumstances and risk factors will be the reason for depression.

According to the bio psychosocial model biological, psychological, and social factors together play a role in causing depression. The diathesis stress model clarifies that depression results when a previous vulnerability, or diathesis, is triggered by a demanding life events. The previous vulnerability can be either genetics suggesting that is interaction between nature and nurture, or schematic, resulting from views of the world learned in childhood. Depression may be directly triggered by injury to the cerebellum as it’s seen in cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome.

Many interactive models have added experimental support. The researchers in New Zealand took a challenge to study depression and made a documentary how depression emerged among the people. The researchers concluded that variation among the serotonin transporter gene affects the chances that people who have split with very stressful life events will go on to experience depression. A Swedish study estimated that heritability of depression is about 40% for women and 30% for men and evolutionary psychologists have stated that the genetic basis for depression lies deep in the genetic material of the human beings.

Most depression cases are seen in the families, but it can also develop in people who have no family. This is not reason but it is often associated with changes in brain structure or function.

The People who have low self-esteem and consistently negative thinkers, or who are readily over reactive to small situation due to stress pretend to become depressed. The condition of the physical changes taking place in a body can trigger mental health problems such as depression. According to the research estimations stroke, cancer, Parkinson's disease, heart attack, and hormonal disorders can cause depression. It is the conjunction of both genetic and environmental factors together involved to cause the depression.

The cause of depression is hard to notice but the main causes of depression are physical, biological and psychological. Here, is few trustedinformation on causes of depression.

Biological Causes of Depression

There are many biological factors which become reason for the depression but the exact mechanisms of causing depression are not known though there are lots of researches going on from many years on the subject.  This shows that biological differences are the reason for cause of depression but the actual mechanism is not known but these biological causes of depression are also seen in the children’s. The biological factors that contribute to depression include:

1.            The Physical changes occurs in the brain, were some part of the brain becomes less active, which is depressed part of the brain that leads to less activitythan normal, Thus as a result of stimulated parts of the brain, itfails to function with the reduced size.

2.            The chemical messengers called Neurotransmitters, which is present in the brain, have been associated to the cause of depression. If this messengers are damaged the central nervous system, for instance disruption in serotonin, norepinephrine and dopamine are the main reason for the cause of depression.

3. Another most common cause is due to the Hormones changes during the menopause and in other conditions, which may also trigger the causes of depression. This hormonal imbalance is due to the thyroid problems.

4. The depression can be seen due to the circadian rhythm disturbance, which is a seasonal disorder caused due to the disturbance in the circadian rhythm of the body that is during winter, the people will not be exposed much to the outside world this also leads to disruption of body rhythm. Seasonal affective disorders which means, Light entering through the eyes influences this rhythm.During the dark, Light entering the eyes at the dawn during this time production of melatonin is off the pineal gland produces a melatonin substances is responsible for the drowsiness. So, as and when the shorter winter day the people may rise before dawn and may not leave their offices up to sunset, these normal rhythms may be disrupted, which lead to depression.

6. The poor nutrition can also be the reason for the depression because of the deficiencies seen in the vitamins, low in omega 3 fatty acids and higher sugar level leads to the depression.

7. Medical illness like chronic illness is also cause for the depression.

8. Drugs both legal and illegal have reported to be one of the most causes for the depression.

9. Personality is also the cause for the depression some people may be more at risk particularly, if they are more tend to worry a lot, have low self-confidence , or sticklers, or sensitive to personal censure, self-criticism, high interpersonal sensitivity lead to depression.

10. The martial factors like unhappy marriage life, divorced, or separated, have high percentage of depression. The percentage of depression is lower for those who are happily married.

11. If the person had major depression once before then, there is a chance of getting frequently and developing rate is more. According to some research estimations approximately 50% of those who have developed depression will experience it again and again.

12. If relatives have clinical depression then there is a greater chance of developing it themselves and a close relative with bipolar disorder may also increase a person's chances of developing major depression.

13. The ageing of the brain is also one of the reasons for developing the depression.

14. Stress is also one of thereasons, for example shame thinking that they do not achieve like others this also leads to developing of depression.

15. The temperament and personality stylespretend to be developing non-melancholic depression.

16. Alcoholism or excessive alcohol consumption leads to increases the risk of developing depression.

Environmental Causes of Depression

There is no single reason for the cause of depression it may be stressful events, or worsen any of the reason may leads to the depression. The researchers have noticed that those with a specific genetic abnormality have the greater risk of depression in his/her lifetime.

 The main environmental factors which contributing to depression includes:

1.            Death of a loved one

2.            Loss of a job

3.            Financial troubles

4.            High stress situations

Depression in Women vs. Depression in Men

Causes of depression in women and men include all the above factors, but there are certain factors were commonly seen in each gender. The environmental causes of depression in men is most related factors like job-related while in women environmental causing depression is more likely to involve their social relationships.

According to research documentations  women experience depression twice often then men this due to the hormonal factors which contribute for increasing rate that is due to menstrual cycle, pregnancy, miscarriage problems , pre- menopause and postpartum this is side of it responsibilities in home , work, parenthood and caring for children. Particularly the more cases of depression in women’s are after the birth of the baby. This is because of the physical changes, hormonal changes and due to the added responsibility of new life. To recover from this they need to be mentally and physically supported by friends and family.

But in the case of men,it’s less in percentage when compare to women but for about 3 to 4 million men were affected by depression in United States. From this Most of the women attempted suicide but most of the men commit suicide. According to the one of the study report men are suffering high death rate is due to the coronary heart disease following depression. The depression of men can be controlled are covered by the mask of alcohol and drugs Hence the women are pretend high depression.

The causes of depression that are seen to be gender-related include:

1.            For about 15% of women experience postpartum depression during the pregnancy time .when coming to men it is seen during postnatal depression.

2.            The hormonal changes seen during the Menopause this is also one of the reason for the causes of depression in women.

3.            Due to the low testosterone level in men leads to the chances of developing depression in men.

Evolutionary causes for depression

According to the evolutionary theory, major depression is theorized, in some instances to increase an individual's reproductive fitness. Evolutionary approaches to depression is a psychology post specific mechanisms by which depression may have been genetically incorporated into the human gene pool, heritability and occurrence of depression by suggesting that certain components of depression are impressions, this behavior is related and attached to the social rank. The present behaviors can be explained as varieties to regulate relationships or resources, while coming to the result it is maladaptive in modern atmospheres. In this point of view when counseling the rapist they predict depression is not a biochemical illness but it’s due to the emotional distrust.

There are number of factors that cause depression they are:

1.       Past physical, sexual, or emotional misuse can cause depression later in their lifetime and turnout to be cause for the depression.

2.       Drugs like Accutane, which is used to treat acne and antiviral drug interferon-alpha, and corticosteroids, can also be one of the reason for the increase the risk of depression.

3.       It may cause due to the biological vulnerability and personal clashes or arguments with family members of friends.

4.       Unhappiness or pain due to death or loss of a loved one, though natural and unexpected, which leads to increase the risk of depression.

5.       A family history is also one reason for the depression may also increase the risk. This leads to the depression is a complex attribute which leads to be inherited across generations.

6.       The genetics of psychiatric disorders are one of the reason for the depression for example cystic fibrosis it is genetic disorder which has no treatment.

7.       Depression can also be seen during instance of new job, graduating, or getting married, or while losing a job or income, getting divorced or retiring can also be the reason.

8.       Problems like social isolation due to other mental illnesses or being cast out of a family or social group can lead to depression.

9.       Sometimes depression can be seen due to the illness.

10.   For about 30% of depression are due to the abuse problems these leads to the clinical depression.

11.   The biologically reason for the cause is due to the functioning of the brain, which has been  affected due to the chemicals due to which some parts of the brain don’t seem to be working properly leading to depression.

12.   Genetic reason is also a reason for depression that means the family runs with depression is also reason for the depression.

13.   Women are more tend to become depressed than men, this reason is not known but due to the hormonal changes that women go through in their life time is also a reason for the depression.

14.   The dreadful diseases like cancer, heart disease, thyroid problems etc. are also a reason for the depression.

15.   Trauma which means physical or emotional abuse, violence, torture is the kindling reason that may trigger a person to depression.

16.   Grief is also one or more reason which means death of a friend, loved one is a common but only certain types of loss will lead to depression.

17.   If a person experience high happiness for example getting a job, getting married, and divorce is also the reason for depression.

18.    Alcohol is also a reason for the depression.

19.   Poor sleep leads to a depression for example apnea which is disorder that leads to the depression.

20.   Bullying girls have high risk of causing depression and this leads to the suicide, risk are seen more in the bullying girls.

21.   According to the researches for children’s certain factors like changing schools , leaving friends , and divorce in the family may tend this factors in children’s to become depressed.

              These are main causes for the depression

Chapter Three

Lung capacity and its relation with depression

Lung capacity orlung volumes are directly measured are inferred from lung capacities. The normal total lung capacity of a mature male is about 6 liters of air, but only a slight amount of this volume is used during normal breathing. The world record lung capacity of holder Herbert Nitsch is measured to be 10 Liters, but he can expand to 15 Liters by a special technique called “packing” or “buccal pumping”. The average human respiratory rate is 30-60 breaths per minute at birth stage later it decreases to 12-20 breaths per minute in adult stage. The normal breathing is called tidal breathing or tidal volume which means the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in only a single breath this is called lung capacity. Lung capacity and its relation with depression are called as respiratory depression.

Respiratory depression is a medical term that is used to for a condition in which an individual's respiration has a rate below 12 breaths per minute or that unable to provide full ventilation to the lungs then this condition is called as respiratory depression. The depression associated with lung is called lung depression. In medicine, hypoventilation also known as respiratory depression occurs when ventilation is inadequate to perform needed gas exchange. The medical definition for the respiratory depression is causes an increased concentration of carbon dioxide and respiratory acidosis. It is considered by a slow respiratory rate that does not offer for full enlargement of the lung or provide enough oxygen to the tissues. Respiratory depression can be caused due to the lung disease. And also it is caused by drug overdose or trauma. If it is not treated it leads to the death.

The symptoms for this condition can goes high and peak level and, as such, but it  must be monitored meticulously in order to measure whether the health risks are minimal or larger medical problem so that the patient can protect from the death. The main aim to study respiratory depression is to describe the dyspnea experience and examine its relation to other symptoms which is related to the respiration, personal factors and health-related factors and its forecasters in patients with lung cancer. Later after great research that doctors came to know that dyspnea dimensions and its activity related with nervousness, depression, tiredness and cough as fine as negatively to coping capacity. Depression is a common problem for the people suffering from with lung cancer. For about 15-25% of people is affected by depression who already suffering from cancer, and this number had been higher with lung cancer.

The respiratory depression may cause due to the side effects of the medicines or drugs.  The drugs like ethanol, GHB, sedatives, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and opiates produce respiratory depression when exposed in large doses which leads to an individual  ceasing to the breathing .It  refers to a decrease in a person's aptitude to take in an adequate amount of oxygen and excrete sufficient carbon dioxide. In other words person with respiratory depression will have difficulty in breathing so the person may appear out of breath and often feel tightness in the chest.

Symptoms of lung depression

 The symptoms of respiratory depression are considered by a group of common symptoms. The first indication  of the symptom is that a person is suffering from respiratory depression is shallow or slow breathing and other signs of respiratory depression includes sleeping, excessive fatigue, reduced blood oxygenation, respiratory acidosis  which means abnormally increases acidity in the blood, faintness, anxiety, sleepiness, misperception, and cyanosis, categorized by dark or purple skin. The main symptom is difficulty in breathing is the most essential cautionary that a person may be suffering from respiratory depression.